Our objective is to present the pharmacological mechanisms, safety profiles, and regulatory status of prominent approved and unapproved peptides marketed direct to patients, including AOD-9604 (anti-obesity drug 9604), BPC-157 (body protection compound 157), CJC-1295, FS-344 (follistatin-344), GHK-Cu (glycyl-l-histidyl-l-lysine copper), ipamorelin, MOTS-C (mitochondrial ORF of the 12S rRNA type-c), sermorelin, SS-31 (elamipretide), tesamorelin (Egrifta), T4 (thymosin beta-4), and TB-500 (thymosin beta-4 fragment)
doi:10.1038/s41440-025-02175-2
Frontotemporal dementia with motor neuron disease (FTD/MND or FTD-ALS)
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The peptide enhances Wnt/-catenin signaling, a critical pathway for hair follicle development and regeneration, while simultaneously suppressing TGF- signaling in the follicle bulge region where stem cells reside